In this chapter, Voltaire discusses Hernán Cortés and his conquest of Mexico, offering a detailed account of the country’s infrastructure, housing, and architecture, including Montezuma’s palace and its various features and facilities. Voltaire also explores Mexico’s wars and conflicts, with a particular focus on religious wars. Additionally, the chapter examines Mexico’s policing and education systems, highlighting notable achievements in astronomy, and discusses how the native Mexicans initially revered the Spanish colonisers, treating them as gods. The chapter concludes with a detailed account of the battles between the Spaniards and the indigenous Mexicans, the subsequent Spanish dominion over Mexico, and the lack of recognition Hernán Cortés received from his homeland and Charles V.